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As a result, the issuance of the Linux Essentials certificate after successful completion of this exam is proof that you have understood:
- Linux OS, licenses as well as community lines;
- In-depth knowledge of open-source in the workplace as well as their relation with various closed source applications.
- User groups, security systems, as well as file permissions for both private and public data directories;
- Concepts of Linux hardware, processes, as well as key components of this operating system;
NEW QUESTION # 23
Which of the following are typical services offered by public cloud providers? (Choose three correct answers.)
- A. Graphics as a Service (GaaS)
- B. Software as a Service (SaaS)
- C. Platform as a Service(PaaS)
- D. Infrastructure as a Service(IaaS)
- E. Internet as a Service(IaaS)
Answer: B,C,D
Explanation:
These are the three most common service models offered by public cloud providers12. They differ in the level of abstraction and control they provide to the customers.
Platform as a Service (PaaS) is a service model where the public cloud provider offers a ready-to-use platform for developing, testing, and deploying applications. The provider manages the underlying infrastructure, such as servers, storage, network, and operating system, while the customer only needs to focus on the application code and configuration. Examples of PaaS include Google App Engine, IBM Cloud Foundry, and Microsoft Azure App Service12.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) is a service model where the public cloud provider offers access to fundamental compute, network, and storage resources on demand over the public Internet or through dedicated connections. The provider manages the physical hardware and virtualization layer, while the customer has full control over the configuration and management of the virtual machines, operating system, and applications. Examples of IaaS include Google Compute Engine, IBM Cloud Virtual Servers, and Microsoft Azure Virtual Machines12.
Software as a Service (SaaS) is a service model where the public cloud provider offers ready-to-use software applications that run on the provider's infrastructure and are accessible through a web browser or a mobile app. The provider manages the entire software stack, including the infrastructure, platform, and application, while the customer only needs to pay for the usage or subscription of the service. Examples of SaaS include Google Workspace, IBM Watson, and Microsoft Office 36512.
Reference:
What is Public Cloud | IBM
What Is a Public Cloud? | Google Cloud
NEW QUESTION # 24
What is true about the su command?
- A. It is the default shell of the root account.
- B. It runs a shell or command as another user.
- C. It locks the root account in specific time frames.
- D. It can only be used by the user root.
- E. It changes the name of the main administrator account.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The su command stands for substitute user or switch user. It allows you to run a shell or a command as another user, usually the superuser or root. To use the su command, you need to know the password of the target user.
For example, if you want to switch to the root user, you can type su - and enter the root password. This will give you a root shell, where you can execute commands with administrative privileges. To exit the root shell, you can type exit or press Ctrl-D. The su command is not the default shell of the root account, nor can it only be used by the root user. It can be used by any user who knows the password of another user. The su command does not change the name of the main administrator account, which is always root on Linux systems. The su command also does not lock the root account in specific time frames, although there are other ways to do that, such as using the pam_time module. References:
* Linux Essentials - Linux Professional Institute (LPI), section 5.1.1
* LPI Linux Essentials Study Guide: Exam 010 v1.6, 3rd Edition, chapter 9, page 219.
NEW QUESTION # 25
Which of the following commands extracts the contents of the compressed archive file1.tar.gz?
- A. tar -czf file1.tar.gz
- B. ztar file1.tar.gz
- C. tar --extract file1.tar.gz
- D. detar file1.tar.gz
- E. tar -xzf file1.tar.gz
Answer: E
Explanation:
Explanation
The correct command to extract the contents of the compressed archive file1.tar.gz is tar -xzf file1.tar.gz. This command uses the following options:
* -x means extract files from an archive.
* -z means filter the archive through gzip, which is a compression program that reduces the size of files.
* -f means use the following archive file name, which is file1.tar.gz in this case.
The other commands are incorrect for the following reasons:
* tar -czf file1.tar.gz creates a compressed archive file1.tar.gz from the files specified after the command, not extract it.
* ztar file1.tar.gz is not a valid command, as ztar is not a standard program or option for tar.
* tar --extract file1.tar.gz is missing the -z option to handle the gzip compression, and also the -f option to specify the file name.
* detar file1.tar.gz is not a valid command, as detar is not a standard program or option for tar.
References:
* Linux Essentials - Topic 106: The Linux Operating System, section 106.2 Use single shell commands and one line command sequences to perform basic tasks on the command line.
* LPI Linux Essentials Study Guide: Exam 010 v1.6, 3rd Edition, Chapter 5: Working with Files and Directories, section Compressing and Archiving Files.
NEW QUESTION # 26
A directory contains the following three files:
texts 1.txt
texts 2.txt
texts 3.csv
Which command copies the two files ending in.txtto the/tmp/directory?
- A. cp $?.txt /tmp/
- B. cp. \.txt /tmp/
- C. cp ?.txt /tmp/
- D. cp ??.txt /tmp/
- E. cp *.txt /tmp/
Answer: E
Explanation:
Explanation
The correct command to copy the two files ending in .txt to the /tmp/ directory is cp *.txt /tmp/. This command uses the wildcard character * to match any number of characters beforethe .txt extension. Therefore, it will copy both texts 1.txt and texts 2.txt to the destination directory /tmp/. The other options are incorrect because they use different wildcard characters or syntax that do not match the desired files. For example, option A uses ?? to match exactly two characters before the .txt extension, but the files have a space and a number, which are not considered as one character. Option C uses a backslash \ to escape the dot . before the .txt extension, but this is unnecessary and will cause the command to fail. Option D uses ? to match exactly one character before the .txt extension, but the files have more than one character. Option E uses $? to match the exit status of the previous command before the .txt extension, but this is not relevant and will cause the command to fail123 References: 1: Linux wildcards | How do wildcards work in Linux with examples? - EDUCBA 2: Wildcards in Linux explained with 10 examples | FOSS Linux 3: What are wildcard characters in Linux? - Sage-Answers
NEW QUESTION # 27
A directory contains the following three files:
texts 1.txt
texts 2.txt
texts 3.csv
Which command copies the two files ending in .txtto the /tmp/directory?
- A. cp $?.txt /tmp/
- B. cp. \.txt /tmp/
- C. cp ?.txt /tmp/
- D. cp ??.txt /tmp/
- E. cp *.txt /tmp/
Answer: E
Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
NEW QUESTION # 28
Which of the following commands will search for the file foo.txt under the directory /home?
- A. find /home -name foo.txt
- B. find /home foo.txt
- C. search /home foo. txt
- D. search /home -file foo.txt
- E. find /home - file foo.txt
Answer: A
Explanation:
The correct command to search for the file foo.txt under the directory /home is find /home -name foo.txt. This command uses the find command, which is used to search for files and directories that match certain criteria. The first argument, /home, specifies the starting point of the search. The second argument, -name, indicates that the search is based on the name of the file or directory. The third argument, foo.txt, is the name of the file to be searched for. The find command will recursively search all the subdirectories under /home and print the path of any file or directory that matches the name foo.txt.
The other commands are incorrect for various reasons:
A). search /home -file foo.txt is incorrect because there is no such command as search in Linux. The correct command for searching files and directories is find.
B). search /home foo.txt is incorrect because, as mentioned above, there is no search command in Linux. Also, this command does not use any option to specify the search criteria, such as -name, -type, -size, etc.
C). find /home - file foo.txt is incorrect because the option -file is not valid. The correct option for specifying the type of file or directory is -type, followed by a letter that indicates the type, such as f for regular file, d for directory, l for symbolic link, etc. For example, find /home -type f -name foo.txt would search for a regular file named foo.txt under /home.
E). find /home foo.txt is incorrect because this command does not use any option to specify the search criteria, such as -name, -type, -size, etc. This command will search for any file or directory that has foo.txt as part of its name, not exactly as its name. For example, this command will also match a file named barfoo.txt or a directory named foo.txt.bak.
NEW QUESTION # 29
The current directory contains the following file:
-rw-r-r- 1 root exec 24551 Apr 2 12:36 test.sh
The file contains a valid shell script, but executing this file using ./test.sh leads to this error:
bash: ./test.sh: Permission denied
What should be done in order to successfully execute the script?
- A. The script should be run using #!./test. sh instead of ./test.sh.
- B. The execute bit should be set in the file's permissions.
- C. The file's extension should be changed from .sh to .bin.
- D. The SetUID bit should be set in the file's permissions
- E. The user executing the script should be added to the exec group.
Answer: B
Explanation:
The execute bit in Linux is a permission bit that allows the user to run an executable file or enter a directory. For regular files, such as scripts or binaries, the execute bit must be set for the user to run them. For directories, the execute bit allows the user to access the files and subdirectories inside. Therefore, to successfully execute the script test.sh, the execute bit should be set in the file's permissions. This can be done by using the chmod command with the +x option, for example: chmod +x test.sh. The other options are either irrelevant or incorrect. The file's extension does not affect its executability, only its association with a program. The user executing the script does not need to be in the exec group, as long as the user has the execute permission on the file. The SetUID bit is a special permission bit that allows the user to run the file as the file's owner, regardless of the user's identity. This is not necessary for executing the script, and may pose a security risk. The #!./test.sh syntax is invalid, as the #! is used to specify the interpreter for the script, not the script itself. Reference:
Linux Essentials Version 1.6 Objectives1, Topic 1.4: Command Line Basics, Subtopic: Basic Shell Commands Linux Essentials Version 1.6 Exam Preparation Guide2, Section 1.4: Command Line Basics, Page 16 Execute vs Read bit. How do directory permissions in Linux work?3
NEW QUESTION # 30
Which of the following directories contains information, documentation and example configuration files for
installed software packages?
- A. /doc/
- B. /var/info/
- C. /usr/share/doc/
- D. /usr/examples/
- E. /etc/defaults/
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 31
What is a Linux distribution?
- A. A set of changes to Linux which enable Linux to run on another processor architecture.
- B. The Linux file system as seen from the root account after mounting all file systems.
- C. The set of rules which governs the distribution of Linux kernel source code.
- D. An operating system based on Linux but incompatible to the regular Linux kernel.
- E. A bundling of the Linux kernel, system utilities and other software.
Answer: E
Explanation:
A Linux distribution is a collection of software that is based on the Linux kernel and can be installed on a computer or a device to create a functional operating system. A Linux distribution typically includes the Linux kernel, a set of system utilities and libraries, a graphical user interface (GUI), a package manager, and various applications and services. A Linux distribution may also include additional software or features that are specific to the distribution's goals, target audience, or philosophy. For example, some Linux distributions are designed for desktop users, while others are optimized for servers, embedded systems, or security. Some Linux distributions are based on other Linux distributions, while others are developed independently. Some Linux distributions are free and open source, while others are proprietary or commercial. Some Linux distributions are popular and widely used, while others are niche or experimental. Some examples of Linux distributions are Ubuntu, Fedora, Debian, Mint, Arch, and Red Hat. Reference:
Linux Essentials Topic 101: System Architecture, section 101.1: Determine and configure hardware settings.
Linux Essentials Topic 102: Linux Installation and Package Management, section 102.1: Design hard disk layout.
Linux Essentials Topic 103: GNU and Unix Commands, section 103.1: Work on the command line.
Linux Essentials Topic 104: The Linux Operating System, section 104.1: Boot the system.
Linux Essentials Topic 105: The Power of the Command Line, section 105.1: Use text streams and filters.
Linux Essentials Topic 106: Security and File Permissions, section 106.3: Modify file and directory permissions.
What is a Linux distribution? - Linux.com
Linux distribution - Wikipedia
Best Linux Distributions For Everyone in 2023 - It's FOSS
NEW QUESTION # 32
How is a new Linux computing instance provisioned in an laaS cloud?
- A. A provider-specific configuration file describing the desired installation is uploaded to the cloud provider.
- B. After buying a Linux distribution, its vendor delivers it to a cloud instance.
- C. The standard Linux installer has to be run through a remote console.
- D. The cloud hosting organization provides a set of pre-prepared images of popular Linux distributions.
- E. The installation has to be prepared in a local virtual machine which is then copied to the cloud.
Answer: D
Explanation:
In an Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) cloud, the provider offers virtualized computing resources such as servers, storage, and network over the internet. The user can provision and manage these resources according to their needs. One of the common ways to provision a new Linux computing instance in an IaaS cloud is to use a pre-prepared image of a Linux distribution provided by the cloud hosting organization. An image is a snapshot of a virtual machine that contains the operating system and other software components. The user can choose from a variety of images that suit their requirements and launch a new instance from the image. This way, the user does not have to install and configure the Linux operating system from scratch, which saves time and effort. Some examples of cloud hosting organizations that provide pre-prepared images of popular Linux distributions are Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform (GCP), and DigitalOcean. Reference: Linux Essentials - Topic 108: Cloud Computing and Linux Essentials - Topic 108: Cloud Computing - Exam Objectives
NEW QUESTION # 33
What is true about the owner of a file?
- A. The owner of a file cannot be changed once it is assigned to an owner.
- B. When a user is deleted, all files owned by the user disappear.
- C. The owner of a file always has full permissions when accessing the file.
- D. The user owning a file must be a member of the file's group.
- E. Each file is owned by exactly one user and one group.
Answer: E
NEW QUESTION # 34
Which of the following values could be a process ID on Linux?
- A. /bin/bash
- B. /sys/pid/9a14
- C. 0
- D. fff3
- E. 60b503cd-019e-4300-a7be-922f074ef5ce
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
A process ID on Linux is a unique integer value that identifies a running process. The process ID can range from 0 to a maximum limit, which is usually 32768 or higher, depending on the system configuration. The process ID of 0 is reserved for the kernel's idle task, and the process ID of 1 is reserved for the init system, which is the first process launched by the kernel. The process IDs are assigned sequentially to new processes, and are recycled when a process terminates. Therefore, the only valid value for a process ID among the given options is 21398, which is an integer within the possible range. The other values are not valid process IDs because they are either strings, hexadecimal numbers, or file paths, which do not match the format of a process ID on Linux. References:
* Linux Essentials - Linux Professional Institute (LPI)
* How Are Linux PIDs Generated? | Baeldung on Linux
NEW QUESTION # 35
Which of the following commands puts the lines of the file data.csv into alphabetical order?
- A. wc -s data.csv
- B. abc data.csv
- C. grep --sort data.csv
- D. sort data.csv
- E. a..z data.csv
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 36
A directory contains the following files:
What would be the output of the following shell script?
for file in *.txt
- A. a b
- B. *.txt
- C. A. txt
- D. A.txt
- E. txt
- F. c.cav
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The shell script uses a for loop to iterate over the files that match the pattern *.txt in the current directory. The pattern *.txt means any file name that ends with .txt, regardless of the case. The loop body simply prints the value of the variable file, which holds the name of the current file in each iteration. Therefore, the output of the shell script would be the names of the files that end with .txt, one per line. In this case, the files are A.txt and b.txt, so the output would be:
a.txt b.txt
This corresponds to option E. The other options are incorrect for the following reasons:
* Option A: *.txt is not the output of the shell script, but the pattern that the loop uses to match the files.
The shell expands the pattern to the actual file names before executing the loop.
* Option B: a and b are not the names of the files, but the first characters of the file names. The loop prints the whole file name, including the extension.
* Option C: c.cav is not a file that matches the pattern *.txt, because it has a different extension. The loop ignores files that do not end with .txt.
* Option D: A.txt is only one of the files that matches the pattern *.txt, but not the only one. The loop prints both A.txt and b.txt.
References: 1: 9 Examples of for Loops in Linux Bash Scripts - How-To Geek 2 3: Looping Statements | Shell Script - GeeksforGeeks 1 4: shell - Loop through all the files with .txt extension in bash - Stack Overflow 5
NEW QUESTION # 37
Which command adds the new usertuxand creates the user's home directory with default configuration files?
- A. usercreate tux
- B. useradd -m tux
- C. useradd -o default tux
- D. defaultuser tux
- E. passwd -a tux
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 38
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